The drivers most likely to be stung by the ULEZ expansion are commercial van owners. Unlike cars, the van market is still dominated by diesel —  more than 90% of vans are diesel-fueled. Data suggests that just under half of vans registered to addresses in the outer boroughs of the city are not ULEZ compliant, though the mayor’s office disputes the relevance of this data, arguing that many of those vehicles are not actually driven in London. It uses data collected from road-monitoring cameras, which suggests 80% of vans are ULEZ compliant.

Some small business groups have raised opposition to an extra charge on vans, citing the financial burdens this can create for their business. In response to concerns, Khan expanded a vehicle scrappage scheme, once only available to a limited number of recipients, to all drivers of non-compliant vehicles. Still, this only covers those people living in London and not those on the borders who may need to commute into the capital daily.

Eoin Treacy's view

I was living in Zone 1 when the congestion zone was introduced. We bought our first car just before my daughter was born and I was penalized for late payment 3 times in a week as I shuttled back and forth to the maternity ward.

Living inside the congestion zone was a stressful experience. I found it difficult to figure out when I was about to cross a toll barrier. I was unfamiliar with driving in the city and its one-way systems even though I had been living in London for five years at the time. I expect many people living in the new, expanded low emissions zones will have a similar experience. I felt like I was being robbed every time I sat in my car.