A volcano, Mt. Grímsvötn, erupted in Iceland. Its eruption was high enough to change this year's climate. It will cool this autumn and winter affecting harvests and winter fuel consumption.

The La Niña has ended. It won't be declared officially over until June and its impact will linger at higher latitudes during early summer. This means lingering Southern drought and Northern storms through June.

The Atlantic hurricane season will be busy with at least 3 hits in Gulf of Mexico oil/gas production waters and two landfalls in the US.

Europe is in a prolonged period of hotter drier summers and cooler drier winters. This is due to the 60 - 70 year Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. This type of climate change began in 1995 and will continue for another 15 - 25 years.

Just as the US is being plagued by floods, so China, across the Pacific is enduring a severe drought, due to the intense dry season of the Pacific Northwest Monsoon.

David Fuller's view This is one of the most fascinating and informative letters that I am fortunate to see and Evelyn Browning-Garriss' forecasts have been excellent.